饮食风格: Mediterranean Diet

Mediterranean diet is a traditional culinary habit of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, particularly Greece, Italy, and Spain, during the mid-20th century. The diet first gained global attention because researchers noticed that people in the Mediterranean region had remarkably lower rates of heart disease than that in the U.S. and northern Europe. More-recent studies found the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Mediterranean diet is one of the healthy eating plans that American nutrition experts recommend and the World Health Organization recognizes.

• Plant-Based Foods as Foundation:
  - Vegetables and fruits
  - Whole grains (oats, brown rice, whole-wheat bread)
  - Beans, lentils, and chickpeas
  - Nuts and seeds
  
• Healthy Fats:
  - Extra virgin olive oil
  - Avocados
  
• Lean Proteins:
  - Fish and seafood, especially fatty fish like salmon and sardines
  - Moderate amounts of dairy products especially fermented such as Greek yogurt and cheese
  - Moderate amounts of poultry and eggs
  
• Flavor with Herbs:
  - Less salt and use fresh herbs, garlic, onions, and spices
  
• Limited amounts of:
  - Red meat
  - Refined grains
  
• Very Limited:
  - Processed foods
  - Sugary drinks and sweets
  

The Mediterranean diet's main goals are to promote long-term health, prevent chronic disease, and support healthy aging through a balanced eating pattern.

The Mediterranean diet is generally considered one of the safest and healthiest eating patterns, however, if followed too strictly or without considering individual needs there will be a few potential risks, nutritional gaps, or practical challenges.

Potential Nutritional Gaps
Because the diet minimizes red meat and keeps dairy and poultry consumption moderate, strict adherence can potentially lead to lower levels of specific nutrients if meals aren't carefully planned.

• Inadequate Calcium and Vitamin D
  If dairy products are overly restricted rather than eaten moderately, the intakes of calcium and vitamin D may below the USDA recommended daily values which will impact the bone health over time. This issue is especially critical for the people with low bone density. So make sure to intake moderate amount of Greek yogurt, milk or fortified plant milks, and low sodium cheese. Get more sunlight, intake adequate vitamin D from fortified foods or supplements if recommended by your doctors.
  
• Inadequate Iron and Vitamin B12
  Minimizing red meat intake limits the intake of these nutrients. Iron from red meat is heme iron which is more absorbable in the human body than plant-based non-heme iron (such as that from beans, lentils, and spinach). Vitamin B12 is only available in the animal origin foods, if too focusing on plant based foods, the intake of the Vitamin B12 will be limited.
  
• Inadequate Protein, Especially Essential Amino Acids
  Animal origin foods contain better quality proteins. They have better absorption in the human bodies and they contain all 9 essential amino acids. For plant based foods, only soybeans and soy products contain all 9 essential amino acids, other legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains contain some of essential amino acids. Lack of protein will impact muscle mass (especially for seniors), reduce strength, and slower recovery from illness or surgery. So make sure to consume adequate amount of fishes, eggs, poultries, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds.
  

Other Potential Risks

• Weight Gain from Healthy Oils and Fats
  Olive oil and nuts are healthy, but they are calorie-dense. For example, 1 tablespoon of olive oil contains about 120 calories, and a small handful of nuts can easily exceed 200 calories. So the excessive consumption can lead to unintended weight gains.
  
• High Oxalate Load
  Many highly recommended foods in the Mediterranean diet are exceptionally high in oxalates, an organic compounds found in plants. For example, spinach, Swiss chard, beets, whole grains, legumes, and certain nuts (particularly almonds). For the vast majority of people, high-oxalate foods are completely harmless. However, for individuals who are genetically prone to developing calcium oxalate kidney stones, a strict shift toward these specific foods can increase the risk of stone formation. Pairing calcium-rich foods (such as milk) with high-oxalate foods is one of the most effective and scientifically proven strategies to mitigate the risk of oxalate overload and prevent the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Eating calcium-rich foods and high-oxalate foods together can make calcium and oxalate meet and binding together in the stomach and intestines. The resulting compound is large and will not be absorbed into the bloodstream, instead, it will be excreted via stool. So the oxalate will not reach the kidneys.
  
• Elevated Mercury and Heavy Metal Exposure
  Consistently consuming large, long-lived predatory fish, such as swordfish, shark, king mackerel, or ahi tuna, can lead to an unsafe accumulation of mercury and other heavy metals in the body. To follow the diet safely, it is critical to focus on smaller, low-mercury fatty fish like salmon, sardines, trout, and mackerel.
  
• Gastrointestinal Discomfort During Transition
  The Mediterranean diet is incredibly high in dietary fiber due to its heavy reliance on beans, lentils, chickpeas, and intact whole grains. The sudden transitions from a standard diet to a strict Mediterranean diet may cause a sudden influx of fiber which can overwhelm the digestive system to cause bloating, gas, and abdominal cramps. So make sure to adjust the diet gradually.
  
• Increased Cost
  Fresh, high-quality seafood, organic produce, and genuine extra virgin olive oil can be significantly more expensive than foods or ingredients (especially pre-processed or pre-packaged foods) in the common "modern" diets.
  

The Mediterranean diet focuses on whole and minimally processed foods from nature that provide fiber, healthy fats, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Instead of giving strict rules or finding a few superfoods, it recommends how regularly a certain types of foods you should eat, and it also emphasizes variety.

1. Everyday Foods - The Foundation of the Mediterranean diet

• 🥗Vegetables: Eat variety of vegetables because different colors provide different nutrients.
  - Leafy greens: spinach, kale, arugula, romaine
  - Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts
  - Tomatoes, bell peppers, cucumbers, zucchini, eggplant
  - Carrots, onions, garlic, mushrooms
  - Sweet potatoes and squash (in moderation as starches)
  Health benefits: high in fiber and antioxidants, help reduce inflammation, support heart, gut, and overall health.
  
• 🍎Fruits: Eat variety of whole fruits (not fruit juices). Best choices are:
  - Berries (blueberries, strawberries, raspberries)
  - Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruit)
  - Apples, pears, peaches, plums
  - Grapes, pomegranates, figs
  - Bananas and melons in moderation
  Health benefits: different fruits contain different vitamins, minerals, fiber, and plant compounds (antioxidants, polyphenols, and other phytochemicals). They are good for brain and heart health, immune function, collagen production, digestion and gut health, cholesterol management, prevent some cancers.
  
• 🫒Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO): It is rich in monounsaturated fats and antioxidants, which are associated with better cardiovascular health. Use it as your primary cooking oil and drizzle it raw over salads, soups, and finished dishes. The other healthy fats sources include fatty fishes, avocados, nuts and seeds, and olives.
  
• 🌾Whole Grains: Choose grains in their natural or minimally processed form. Best choices are:
  - Oats
  - Brown rice
  - Quinoa
  - Barley
  - Farro and bulgur
  - Whole-wheat bread and pasta
  Health benefits: They provide more fiber, vitamins, and slower-digesting carbohydrates than refined grains like white bread or white rice.
  
• 🥛Fermented Dairy: Consumed in moderate portions, choose gut-friendly options. Best choices are:
  - Unsweetened plain Greek yogurt, especially the ones with live and active cultures.
  - Feta, mozzarella, parmesan, and other cheeses in moderate amounts
  - Kefir drink
  Health benefits: They support gut health with live and active cultures (probiotics). They contain high-quality protein. They are rich in calcium and phosphorus which are good for the bone health. Additionally the fermentation process make some nutrients easier for the body to absorb.
  

2. Most of Days Foods - Intake most of days in a week

• 🫘Legumes and Beans: Best choices are:
  - Chickpeas
  - Lentils (green, red, brown)
  - Black beans, kidney beans, white beans, cannellini beans
  - Split peas
  Health benefits: They are excellent sources of plant protein. They may help with cholesterol and blood sugar control. They are also high in fiber.
  
• 🥜Nuts and Seeds: They are nutrient-dense foods. Best choices are:
  - Walnuts (highly valued for their healthy fats)
  - Almonds
  - Pistachios
  - Hazelnuts
  - Chia seeds, flaxseeds, sesame seeds
  Health benefits: They contain healthy fats, protein, fiber, magnesium and other minerals.
  

3. Often Foods - Intake 3 times per week

• 🐟Fatty Fish & Seafood: prefer fatty fish rich in heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Best choices are:
  - Salmon
  - Sardines
  - Mackerel
  - Trout
  - Tuna (moderation for larger species due to mercury)
  - Shrimp, mussels, clams, and other seafood
  Health benefits: Omega-3 fatty acids support heart and brain health. They are good sources of high-quality protein.
  
• 🥚Eggs:
  Health benefits: Eggs are one of the most nutritious foods, and they are relatively inexpensive and versatile. Egg is an excellent source of high-quality protein, contains all nine essential amino acids. Eggs are one of the richest dietary sources of choline that are good for brain development, memory, and learning. Lutein and zeaxanthin contained in the egg yolk are good for eye health. Eggs are very rich in vitamins and minerals.
  

4. Moderate Intake Foods - Intake 1-2 times per week

• 🍗Chicken and turkey: Choose lean and minimally processed options. Portion size is usually small, such as 4–5 ounces (115–140 g) of cooked skinless chicken breast meat.
  Health benefits: Skinless poultry meats provide high-quality complete protein with very little carbohydrate and relatively little saturated fat. They are rich in B Vitamins which are beneficial for food metabolism, nerve function, and brain function. Chicken is a good source of selenium which helps immune function and thyroid function.
  

🌿5. Herbs, spices, and flavorings
Mediterranean cooking relies heavily on herbs and spices instead of excess salt. They provide massive flavor and some beneficial plant compounds. The common choices are:

• Garlic
  
• Oregano
  
• Basil
  
• Rosemary
  
• Thyme
  
• Parsley
  
• Cumin and paprika
  
• Cilantro
  
• Lemon juice and vinegar
  

Eat the Rainbow:

• 🔴Red vegetables or fruits provide lycopene, anthocyanins. They may support heart health, cellular protection.
  
• 🔵Purple & blue vegetables or fruits are rich in anthocyanins. They may support better memory, healthy aging, cardiovascular health.
  
• 🟠Orange & yellow vegetables or fruits provide Vitamin C and carotenoids. Thay may support immune system, skin health, eye health.
  
• 🟢Green vegetables or fruits provide Vitamin K, Vitamin C, Potassium. They may support immune system, skin health, help digestion and gut health, and heart health.
  
• ⚪White vegetables or fruits provide Fiber, Potassium, Vitamin B6. They may support digestion and gut health, lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol, maintain healthy blood pressure, protein metabolism.
  

Mediterranean diet doesn't forbidden any foods. They provide guidelines on the foods which should be limited as occasional foods or strictly minimized (avoid whenever possible).

Foods which should be limited as occasional foods rather than eaten as primary sources of nutrition:

1. 🥩Red Meats - Not completely banned, treat them as occasional monthly luxury
   Sample foods: beef, pork, lamb
   In traditional Mediterranean diet, red meat is more like a flavor enhancer or reserved for special occasions. Red meats contain high amount of saturated fat which can raise LDL ("bad") cholesterol in some people that is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Red meats do have health benefits, they contain high-quality proteins, heme iron, Vitamin B12, zinc, selenium, etc. Instead of completely eliminating them, you should limit the serving size to be very small portions around 3 ounces or less (about 85 gram) and consume only a few times per month.
   
   
2. 🥓Processed Meats - Very limited consumption
   Sample foods: bacon, sausage, hot dogs, salami, pepperoni, ham, and many deli meats.
   They are often high in sodium, preservatives such as synthetic nitrates, saturated fat, and highly processed ingredients. They are linked to increased cardiovascular risks and some cancers.
   
   
3. 🍞Refined Grains - Consume less often
   Sample foods: white bread, white flour pastries, white pasta, white rice, flour tortillas, white crackers, and some breakfast cereals.
   Compared with whole grains, they typically contain less fiber and fewer nutrients. And they are usually less satiety.
   
   
4. 🧈Butter and Cream - High-fat dairy products
   Sample foods: butter, heavy cream, processed cheese spreads, cream-based sauces
   They are high in saturated fat.
   
   
5. 🍰Desserts and sweets - Not completely banned, treat them as occasional monthly luxury
   Sample foods: large cakes, donuts, candy, cookies, ice cream in large servings.
   They contain large amounts of sugar which may cause rapid blood sugar spikes, increasing inflammation, and weight gain. However it is okay to consume small portion of birthday cake and holiday desserts occasionally.
   
   
6. 🍔Fast Food
   Sample foods: fast-food burgers, large orders of fries, fried chicken.
   They are often high in sodium, saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and calories. However some foods are okay sometimes, such as pizza and cheeseburgers.
   

Foods which should be strictly minimized (avoid whenever possible):

1. 🍬Added Sugars:
   Added sugar triggers blood sugar spikes and drives metabolic stress.
   
   
2. 🥤Sugary Drinks and Sweets:
   Samples: Soda, sweetened tea, sports/energy drinks, sweetened fruit beverages, candies, ice cream, and sugary baking goods.
   They usually contain large amounts of sugar and cause rapid blood sugar spikes. And they have minimal nutritional value.
   
   
3. 🧈Trans Fats and Hydrogenated Oils:
   Samples: Margarine, vegetable shortening, and any packaged foods listing "partially hydrogenated oils" in the ingredients.
   These fats are highly damaging to cardiovascular health.
   
   
4. 🛢️Highly Refined Seed and Vegetable Oils:
   Samples: Soybean oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, and canola oil.
   While these are plant-based, they are heavily processed and lack the powerful protective polyphenols found in extra virgin olive oil.
   
   
5. 🍟Ultra-Processed Foods and Meals:
   Sample: potato chips, cheese puffs, sugary granola bars, highly processed crackers, frozen television dinners, packaged snack foods with long lists of artificial preservatives.
   They are usually high in calories, refined carbohydrates, sodium, unhealthy fats, flavor enhancers, and chemical additives. They are usually low in fiber, contain artificial additives, and often easily overeat.